Biography of Alphonse Mucha, Czech Art Nouveau Artist

Alphonse Mucha (July 24, 1860–July 14, 1939) was a Czech illustrator and painter. He is best-remembered for his Art Nouveau posters of plays staged in Paris featuring Sarah Bernhardt, one of the greatest actors of all time. Late in his career, he created the 20 monumental paintings that are known as the Slav Epic depicting the history of Slavic people. Fast Facts: Alphonse Mucha Occupation: ArtistBorn: July 24, 1860 in Ivancice, Austria-HungaryDied: July 14, 1939 in Prague, CzechoslovakiaEducation: Munich Academy of Fine ArtsSelected Works: Sarah Bernhardt theater posters, La Plume magazine covers, The Slav Epic (1910-1928)Notable Quote: Art exists only to communicate a spiritual message. Early Life Born to a working-class family in southern Moravia, then a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now part of the Czech Republic, Alphonse Mucha demonstrated a talent for drawing as a young boy. At the time, access to paper was considered a luxury, but a local shop owner who was impressed with Muchas talent provided it for free. In 1878, Alphonse Mucha applied to attend the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, but he was unsuccessful. In 1880, at age 19, he traveled to Vienna and found work as an apprentice scenery painter in local theaters. Unfortunately, the Ringtheater, one of Muchas companys key clients, burned in 1881, and Mucha found himself jobless. He traveled back to Moravia and met Count Khuen Belasi who became the young artists patron. With funding from Count Khuen, Alphonse Mucha enrolled in the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Art Student and Parisian Success Mucha moved to Paris in 1888. He enrolled first in the Academie Julian and then in the Academie Colarossi. After meeting many other struggling artists including Czech illustrator Ludek Marold, Alphonse Mucha began working as a magazine illustrator. The magazine work brought in regular income. Alphonse Mucha became friends with the artist Paul Gauguin, and, for a time, they shared a studio. He also grew close to the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. In addition to his magazine illustration work, Mucha began providing pictures for books. Work With Sarah Bernhardt In late 1894, Alphonse Mucha was in the right place at the right time. Sarah Bernhardt, one of the worlds most famous actors, contacted the publishing house Lemercier to create a poster for her latest play Gismonda. Mucha was at the publishing house when the manager Maurice de Brunhoff received the call. Because he was available and said he could complete the work in two weeks, Brunhoff asked Mucha to create a new poster. The result was a more than life-size rendering of Sarah Bernhardt in the lead role in the play. Sarah Bernhardt in La Plume magazine. Buyenlarge / Getty Images The poster caused a sensation on the streets of Paris. Sarah Bernhardt ordered four thousand copies of it, and she signed Alphonse Mucha to a six-year contract. With his work displayed all over Paris, Mucha was suddenly famous. He became the designer of the official posters of each Bernhardt play. Enjoying the sudden increase in income, Mucha moved to a three-bedroom apartment with a large studio. Art Nouveau Success as a poster designer for Sarah Bernhardt brought Alphonse Mucha many other illustration commissions. He created a wide range of advertising posters for products from baby food to bicycles. He also provided cover illustrations for the magazine La Plume, a famous artistic and literary review published in Paris. His style featured women in lavish natural surroundings often swathed in flowers and other organic forms. Alphonse Mucha was a central artist in the emerging Art Nouveau style. Art nouveau advertisement for Waverley Cycles. Corbis Historical / Getty Images The Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 included a massive showcase of Art Nouveau. The work of many French designers in the style appeared, and many of the buildings constructed for the exposition included Art Nouveau design. Alphonse Mucha applied to the Austro-Hungarian government to create murals for the Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion at the expo. After the government rejected his plan to create paintings depicting the suffering of the Slavic peoples of the area under foreign powers, he created a more upbeat salute to traditions of the Balkan region that included Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to his murals, Muchas work appeared in many other parts of the exposition. He created displays for jeweler Georges Fouquet and perfume maker Houbigant. His drawings were featured in the Austrian pavilion. Pleased with Muchas work, Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I knighted him. He also earned the Legion of Honor from the French government. After the exposition, Georges Fouquet hired Mucha to design his new shop in Paris. It opened in 1901 featuring Art Nouveau-inspired decoration. The Slav Epic While continuing his work on illustrations in the first decade of the twentieth century, Alphonse Mucha did not give up on creating murals depicting the suffering of the Slavic people. He traveled to the U.S. in 1904 hoping to find funding for his project. He returned to Paris two months later, but, in 1906, he went back to the U.S. and stayed for three years. During the stay in the U.S., Mucha earned income as an instructor including a stint as a visiting professor at the Art Institute of Chicago. However, he did not find the patronage he needed and returned to Europe in 1909. Fortune shined on Mucha in February 2010. While in Chicago, he met Charles Richard Crane, heir to a fortune from his father who sold plumbing parts. Nearly a year after Mucha returned to Europe, Crane finally agreed to fund the creation of what became known as the Slav Epic. He also agreed to gift the finished pieces to the Prague government upon completion. Panel of Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Bethlehem Chapel (. Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images Mucha worked on the 20 paintings that make up the Slav Epic for 18 years from 1910 through 1928. He worked through World War I and the proclamation of the new Republic of Czechoslovakia. The completed set of paintings was shown once during Muchas lifetime in 1928. They were then rolled up and put into storage. They survived World War II and were placed on public display in 1963. They were moved to the National Gallerys Veletzni Palace in Prague, the Czech Republic in 2012. Personal Life and Legacy Alphonse Mucha married Maria Chytilova in 1906 in Prague just before traveling to the U.S. Their daughter Jaroslava was born in New York in 1909. She also gave birth to a son Jiri in Prague in 1915. Jaroslava worked as an artist, and Jiri worked to promote his fathers art and serve as an authority on Alphonse Muchas biography. In early 1939, the German army arrested and interrogated 78-year-old Alphonse Mucha after they occupied Czechoslovakia. He died of pneumonia on July 14, 1939, less than two months before the start of World War II. He is buried in Prague. Although during his lifetime, Alphonse Mucha fought efforts to tie him directly to Art Nouveau, his images are part of the definition of the style. By the time of his death, he took the greatest pride in his historical paintings. Muchas work was out of style at the time of his death, but it is very popular and well-respected today. Source Husslein-Arco, Agnes. Alphonse Mucha. Prestel, 2014.

Physical Development And Child Development - 929 Words

Physical development may be the first thing that parents noticed when their child starts to develop, because it is the more physical and bigger movements for a child and baby to make. Physical development itself is ‘comprising changes in body size (growth) and proportions, the order and acquisition of motor skills, and perceptual and motor capacities’ (Doherty and Hughes, 2009, p.8). This is why parents see physical development first, it is not just the movements that the children achieve it is also how fast they grow, ‘from birth to age 6 months, a baby may grow 1/2 to 1 inch a month and gain 5 to 7 ounces a week’ (Infant and toddler health, 2014, Internet). Physical development is the first section of the EYFS which is why it’s so easy for adults to realise children developing these skills. One of the main theorist to work on children’s physical development is Arnold Gesell. Gesell (1926) came up with the method of observations, to gather information about the child’s development. 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I believe that as an early childhood

Leadership of 21st Century-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the 21st Century Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership has been considered as a collective response by the individual for bringing changes in the world for betterment and improvements (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2013). An awareness of leadership receptive to this globe is the requirement and has been provided in todays highly symbiotic world which is full of high level of complications, boosting changes, and unanticipated and unparalleled proceedings. The concept of 21st century leadership has been termed as an outlook of leadership for responding to the distinct issues and benefits in todays world. Reflection of an extended model of leadership it draws upon and assimilates approaches and operations from varied range of corrections and civilizations to substitute practical information and transformative developments in service on international basis. Apart from the actions, characters, and styles of the employees, 21st century leadership presents the approach of leadership as a property of any community system. Leadership is a management approach in which everyone is required to participate (Hackman and Johnson, 2013). The approaches of the concept complement management and administrative operations and according to which leadership is a unique aspect of the organizational life. The concept requires its own focus of attention for development and growth. This modern perception of leadership integrates a full range of standards and nurtures various range of dimensions, capabilities and capabilities which are demonstrated in the varied range of scopes of life in context specific ways. The contemporary concept has also been considered as a multidimensional and integrative perception of leadership and which has been observed to have a basis of leadership. The below executed literature review has been made focused on the concept of 21st Century Leadership. Literature review On the basis of the research executed by Lorz, (2017) it has been discovered that leadership has been a popular appearance since the commencement of management look into. Times are changing swiftly and in this way the perception on inventiveness should change similarly. A future business condition in 21st Century Leadership has been investigated in this article. By examining this article the readers will get a hold on a understanding of the concept of leadership; consider inventiveness to be a process depicted in 6 brief advances; build up another point of view on initiative and will choose a fast review of a choice of the most forcing designs impacting on business corporations sooner rather than later. According to the research conducted by the author on the concept of 21st Century Leadership definition has been detailed (Hemlin et al., 2014). Authority is the cooperation procedure between the pioneer, nature and the supporters. It is a process that comprise of the stipulating of dr eams due to the observed situational understanding and brings together devotees to conjointly achieve these thoughts. While the 1980's were depicted by a somewhat static situation this has altered among the most current 25 years to an extremely powerful situation upsetting in transportation trade is focused. The innovative progress of media broadcast and the method of web have hastened the rate of globalization and deregulation. This has also brought an arrangement and evidence which has been based on civilization that is unified through online gadgets. The result of altering business circumstances on authority is that there is a requirement of symbolizing the new prerequisites for forthcoming 21st century leaders (Komives and Wagner, 2016). On the basis of the research conducted by Grorge, B, (2010), it has been observed that the concept of leadership has showed varied range of changes and modifications. These changing trends have been proven very much advantageous and disadvantage ous for the business environment and the entities. The author also noted that among the last 50% of the 20th era, corporate administration changed into a first class calling, ruled by directors who controlled their undertakings preliminary from the upper. Wedged by two Global Wars and the Unhappiness, authoritative chains of importance were prearranged along military appearances, with multifaceted assemblies to set up regulator through values and actions. Folks scaled the positions observing for inspiration, status, cash and privileges. In the last sector of the 20th century the share trading system twisted out to be increasingly here and now, making corporate pioneers focus on trimestral revenue, regularly to the evasion of long tow growth. In the preceding decade everything shattered, from the moral barbarities exposed by Enron and WorldCom to the Wall Street emergency. Accordingly, the consumers lost faith in business pioneers to assemble maintainable governments as divergent to helping themselves and here and now investors. The numerous flattened shows just dont work any longer. The skilled worker understudy show has been displaced by learning associations, encumbered with data specialists who don't react to "top down" initiative. Looking for chances to lead, youngsters are unwilling to put in ten years holding up in line (Nahavandi, 2016). Most essential, individuals are scanning for honest to goodness fulfillment and significance from their work, not simply cash. For instance, Medtronic's 38,000 workers are roused by the organization's main goal of "reestablishing individuals to full life and wellbeing." Because of these developments, another age of Leaders is restructuring the best-drove international corporations . Genuine pioneers focused on customers are replacing various leveled Leaders that emphasis on serving here and now investors. Run of the mill of these Leaders is Unilever CEO Paul Polman, who as of late told the Financial Times, "I don't work for the investor. I work for purchasers and my clients." In the 21st century the greatest pioneers will distillate on assisting principal implementation by regulating persons around mission and values and appealing leaders at all heights, while concentrating on portion customers and teaming up all finished the connotation (Northouse, 2017). For further analysis the author has been diverted the focus towards the core and the key competencies of the leaders of 21st century. The competencies or the skills are the abilities which enable the leaders to act and perform the roles and responsibilities and with an efficiency and effectiveness in the outcomes. As the concept has updated and turned to the contemporary version, lot of advancements and up- gradations has been observed in the competencies and skills. The authors have analyzed some of the core competencies which are essentially required by any of the leader. The skills have been segmented in various subdivisions and from them; the first segment is cognitive competencies which are further subdivided in smaller components. Great leaders must have particular abilities in various divisions, for example, planning programming, book-keeping, and contribution. A decent leader must create proficient and specialized aptitudes for driving his devotees and groups. Also, the leaders must pick up learning on outside dialect, worldwide issues including global economy and legislative issues, innovations and science, building correspondence. Basic believing is an issue for 21st century business in settling on each choice. In this manner, the leaders must be capable in basic deduction including assessments, derivations and examinations (Kemps 2017). Leaders need to think how to determine dly improving process, administrations and correspondences to impact their supporters. Numerous associations see the imagination and development as one of the critical 21st century authority competency. Innovativeness and development are fundamental to pick up business accomplishment in aggressive economy. The world is as often as possible evolving. Along these lines, the imaginative and inventive believing are basics to adjust the fast changes in business operations. The best leaders must create interchanges and coordinated effort among their devotees and groups. In building powerful correspondence, the leaders clear up, offer, and adjust data among the supporters. For building coordinated effort, the leaders concentrate on basic leadership, arrangement, critical thinking, and strife determination. Viable correspondence and coordinated effort are fundamental for taking new procedures and activities for organizations, actualizing business approaches. The 21st century Leaders ought t o have worldwide mindfulness including social, financial and social issues. A pioneer must exhibit worldwide mindfulness when the leaders feel sympathy for supporters in various geopolitical and social situations (Thestrategyguysite 2017). Along these lines, it is recommended for the leaders to comprehend the world. There are number of trends observed by the author which has been presented in the review given below. The leaders do not assign their duty regarding correspondence, decent variety or advancement, for instance, to a capacity (Jackson and Parry, 2011). The 21st century leaders go into the world and separates dividers by uniting groups in discussions. The dialect they utilize matters so they avoid calling individuals inside or outside their connotation a "group of people" or a "partner." The 21st century is about group and open, two-way discussions. Key competencies of 21st century leaders Riggio, (2014) has made research on the key competencies of the 21st century leaders and observed numerous variants which has been discussed in the below presented review. The author has made on some of the competencies which are related to the personal life of the leaders and can also be used in their personal life (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House, 2013). The author observed that this isn't just a single of the best indicators of powerful administration; however it is inadequately comprehended and under-looked into. Social insight: Social information is very extensive, yet can best be originating as far as understanding of communal conditions and elements, and capacity to work adequately in an assortment of communal conditions. Our examination recommends that social insight, which we describe as a blissful body of social implementation, affectability to communal conditions, and imagining aptitude are fundamentally essential for viable administration. A supplement to social insight, enthusiastic knowledge is our capacity to impart at the passionate level, comprehend feelings and enthusiastic circumstances, and be tuned in to our own particular feelings. These are especially identified with authority "moxy." Problem solver: Judiciousness is one of Aristotle's cardinal ethics. An equivalent word is "shrewdness," however it originates from having the capacity to see others' viewpoints and through being interested in and considering others' perspectives. Moment cardinal temperance is "Backbone," or strength. This is having the fearlessness to go for broke and the strength to: (a) support what you trust; (b) make the best choice (Chandar 2015). This is a "higher request" relational aptitude that includes helping associates to stay away from or resolve relational clashes. Leaders are frequently called upon to arbitrate when individuals are in struggle, however it likewise includes being able to either maintain a strategic distance from or resolve your own contention circumstances. One of the midpoint services for leaders is the ability to use complete ruling or controlling a decent leadership methodology. Visionary leader: There are improved and more deplorable methods to decide, and a decent leader understands when to get stable on a decision, when to advice assistants or aristocrats and bring them into the basic leadership process, and when it's an ideal opportunity to undertaking back and let others select. Let's be honest. Each gathering or association is, at its center, brimming with politicking. Individuals will endeavor to twist rules, pick up partners, push their own plan, and so forth, keeping in mind the end goal to attempt to excel (Spears, 2010). A viable pioneer is a decent political player, who knows how the amusement is played, however can likewise oversee political conduct with the goal that it doesn't prompt gathering or authoritative brokenness. Good communicator: Communication is the process which has been considered as one of the integral component of a successful business. The leaders are required to be a good communicator. This will enhance the performance and productivity of the team and overall organization. Relevant and accurate communication of data leads the team to bring an increase in the organizational performance. Manage to diversified workforce: Due to globalization and modernization the diversification in the workforce has increased. Managing the diversified workforce is one of the crucial operation of the team leaders and it should be efficiently done as human resource is the most valuable asset of any of the business corporation. Theories to consider under the approach of leadership Charismatic theory: On the basis of the research conducted by Weber it has been stated that the charismatic leader is one who states the goals and targets in the relevance of the personal interest of the team mates. Dreachslin et. al., (2017) stated that the followers have a trust over the leaders and also have a belief that they possess some special extra ordinary qualities which aids in providing guidance for achieving the goals and targets. Attribution theory: On the basis of this theory the leaders judgment made for the team mates is highly stimulated by the attribution of the cause of the employees. The theory demonstrates two facets that are the attribution of leader and their reaction on meager performance by the team mates. Transactional leadership: Under this leadership styles the leaders are very much formal and maintain a same relations with the team mates. This aids them in an easy attainment of the targets A strict code of conduct is used by the leaders and even punishments and strict actions are taken on mistakes done if any. Similarities or differences to classical leadership The author has also made a comparison between the traditional and contemporary competencies of the leaders. According to Jartese, (2013) there are number of differences observed in both the leadership versions. The differences have been segmented on the basis of some features and characteristics of leaders and their leadership styles. The probable business way to deal with control is one of specific authority. Conventional leaders in the business world have a belief that their vitality gets from their place of authority. Out-of-date business chain of command frequently presents control in nimble of life span with an elective take a peek at previous outcomes. The more the leaders remain with the firm, the more distant up the step will be advanced, the more prominent will be the level of energy (Pirouz 2016). The new tactic of social oriented administration observes that power is most projecting in an aggregate group. By permitting break even with investment over all levels, society oriented leaders enable answers for create from the best thoughts of the meeting and adopt a group approach to critical thinking. Maintaining accountability is the sign of traditional leaders. Quitting data on a "need to know" premise enables conventional leaders to keep up skilled and control. Open data sharing is the basis of obliging inventiveness (Northouse, 2012). Getting everyone in contract in a venture re quires data sharing. Exercise also assumes a part. The more approximately humanizing available, the more inventive ways to deal with critical thinking can create and be executed. Traditional supervisors will at times engage suggestions or be absorbed in thoughts from their group. In a best down progressive system, the choices by and large originate from the administrators at the highest point of the natural pecking order. Since data is firmly held, administration may know about conditions that drive the basic leadership process that might be withheld from colleagues. The specialty of cooperation gives everybody on the group a voice (Selznick, 2011). Leaders are by and large open to proposals and thoughts from their group and perceive that conceptualizing and alternate points of view can bring remarkable experiences. Causes of changes to leadership competencies Globalization: The emergence of the concept of globalization has offered the business corporations with a wider arena for competing. Due to this complexities are also influenced in the market and due to which the business entity loses its pace in the bus8iness environment. Advancement in technology: The hike in modernization and technological up-gradations has become one of the greatest reason for the change in the leadership competencies. Due to this the skills and capabilities and knowledge of the leaders are also enhanced. Increase in completion: Due to the increase in the intensification I the competitive environment and due to this sustainability of the organizations has become very much difficult. Resulting to which the leaders are required to adopt some innovative approaches in organization for cutting down the competition and this also one of the reason for the change in the competency of leaders. Conclusion On the basis of the researches and the surveys conducted by the authors it has been reviewed that the concept of leadership has been undergone to a varied range of changes and modifications. These changes have been proven very much advantageous and disadvantageous for the business environment and the business entities. The modified version of the leadership has been changed and has been termed as 21st century leadership. The above presented report is a literature review which has been made focused on contemporary form of leadership. The report has been segmented in various sub-divisions which consist of the key competencies possessed by the leaders in 21st century and also the similarities between the classical and the contemporary version of leaders. Furthermore, the cause which has been held responsible for the changes in the leadership competencies has been underlined. The major focus of the review has been concentrated on the contemporary concept of leadership that is 21st centur y leadership. The leaders are required to maintain a balance between the contemporary and classical leadership patterns so as to develop a firm and stable team which will ensure high level of performances and increased productivity with best quality. Moreover, the leaders are also required to organize training sessions on regular basis for the updating of the skills and capabilities of the team mates. References Chandar, V, 2015, 20 characterstics of a leader, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://developedself.com/20-characteristics-leader. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Han, H., 2014.How organizations develop activists: Civic associations and leadership in the 21st century. Oxford University Press, USA. Hanna, D. and Latchem, C., 2013.Leadership for 21st Century Learning: Global Perspectives from International Experts. Routledge. Hemlin, S., Allwood, C.M., Martin, B. and Mumford, M.D. eds., 2014.Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge. Jackson, B. and Parry, K., 2011.A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. Sage. Jaques, E., 2017.Requisite organization: A total system for effective managerial organization and managerial leadership for the 21st century. Routledge. Jartese, 2013, 8 differences between traditional and collaborative leaders, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://blog.innocentive.com/2013/11/21/8-differences-between-traditional-and-collaborative-leaders. Kemps, 2017, Leadership effectiveness factors, Assessed on 16th May 2017, https://www.kemps.com/meet-us/careers/leadership-effectiveness-factors/. Komives, S.R. and Wagner, W.E., 2016.Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley Sons. Lorz, M, 2017, Discovering the 21st century leadership, Assessed on 17th November 2017, https://www.clubofamsterdam.com/contentarticles/leadership/21st%20Century%20Leadership%20Michael%20Lorz.pdf. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Northouse, P.G., 2017.Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage Publications. Pirouz, A, 2016, 8 Characters of a great leaders, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-pirouz/8-characteristics-of-grea_b_7680566.html. Selznick, P., 2011.Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Spears, L.C., 2010. Character and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders.The Journal of Virtues Leadership,1(1), pp.25-30. Thestrategyguysite, 2017, 7 critical success factors for effective leadership, Assessed on 18th November 2017, https://thestrategyguysite.com/people-leadership-development/7-critical-success-factors-for-effective-leadership/. Dreachslin, J.L., Weech-Maldonado, R., Gail, J., Epan, J.P. and Wainio, J.A., 2017. Blueprint for Sustainable Change in Diversity Management and Cultural Competence: Lessons From the National Center for Healthcare Leadership Diversity Demonstration Project.Journal of Healthcare Management,62(3), pp.171-183.